![](https://nationaltasc.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Best-Nootropics-feature-a.jpg)
Best Nootropics 2024: Powerful Brain Boosters and Cognitive Enhancers
Want to level up your brain performance? The best nootropics (a.k.a. “smart drugs”) claim to target certain areas of cognitive enhancement, such as focus, memory, creativity, energy, and mood.
But which brain boosters actually work? Explore the best nootropics on the market—starting with our top pick, Thesis. We’ve listed their pros and cons, formula and user reviews to pinpoint the right one for your individual needs.
Best Nootropics of 2024
- Thesis – Best nootropics overall
- Noocube – Best nootropics for productivity
- Hunter Focus – Best nootropics for focus
- Addall XR Travel Pack – Best nootropics for ADHD
- Mind Lab Pro – Best nootropics for anxiety
- FOCL Day – Best nootropics for memory
- Performance Lab Mind – Best nootropics for energy
- Mind Vitality – Best nootropics for creativity
- Neuro Gum – Best nootropic chewing gum
- Brain Pill – Best nootropics for brain fog
- BetterBrand BetterMushrooms – Best gummy nootropics
- Earth & Star Mushroom Gummies – Best nootropics for studying
If you are struggling with lack of focus and need some cognitive support, worry not! Below you can find detailed information on the best nootropic supplements. Rest assured that you will be able to make an informed decision and find the best pick for your needs.
1. Thesis – Best Nootropics Overall
Pros
- Customizable blends
- Targets different areas of brain health
- Caffeine-free options are available
- Clinically-backed Ingredients
- You can take a personalized quiz
Cons
- Some ingredients might interact with antidepressants
Formula
- Alpha GPC: Also known as alpha glycerylphosphorylcholine, and may improve your cognitive function while boosting your memory and mood [1]
- Bacopa monnieri: This herb—with a long history of use in traditional medicine—may sharpen your memory while fighting depression and anxiety [2]
- L-theanine: The amino acid may help you pay more attention to mentally demanding tasks, as well as help you to relax [3]
- L-tyrosine: An amino acid that may help to enhance cognitive performance, especially when one feels stressed or is facing demanding tasks [4]
Customer Reviews
Thesis got a lot of positive feedback from customers. In r/nootropicssupplements, for instance, one Reddit reviewer thinks Thesis is amazing and uses it daily.
On the other hand, there’s a Reddit user who doesn’t believe this supplement is worth the price even if he noticed minor benefits, according to r/VyvanseADHD.
Summary
Thesis earns the #1 spot in our list of the best nootropics because it covers all bases of cognitive performance. You can personalize your blend based on your focus—whether it be logic, clarity, energy, creativity, motivation, or confidence. Even better, the supplements contain herbal extracts, nutrients, and amino acids to boost your overall brain health.
>>Check the latest prices for Thesis here
2. Noocube – Best Nootropics for Productivity
Pros
- Equipping you to multitask by improving your memory and concentration
- Fights “brain fog” caused by tiredness
- Doesn’t contain caffeine
- Clinically-backed ingredients
- Supports your eye health
Cons
- It might take a few weeks to work
Formula
- Oat straw: Used traditionally since the Middle Ages, it makes it easier for you to multitask and gives you better memory [5]
- Alpha GPC: It uplifts your mood while sharpening your memory [1]
- Cat’s claw: Typically found growing in the Amazon rainforest, it’s known for its powerful antioxidant effects, and it fights free radicals that cause brain aging [6]
- L-theanine: Famous for being a tea ingredient, this amino acid reduces your stress while improving your attention as you focus on difficult tasks [3]
- L-tyrosine: This amino acid keeps you performing well mentally, even when under significant stress [4]
- Bacopa monnieri: A popular herb in Indian medicine for some years, it may help you recall things better and helps relieve symptoms of anxiety and depression [2]
Customer Reviews
When it comes to great reviews, Noocube has more than its fair share. In r/adhdwomen, a Reddit participant says that it gave her mental clarity and focus a subtle boost, yet she didn’t feel jittery.
A Trustpilot reviewer is disappointed, however, since he didn’t notice any results at all after taking the supplement for four months.
Summary
Noocube excels as the best nootropics for productivity; it empowers you to multitask by enhancing your memory, focus, alertness, and problem-solving skills. Aside from clearing “brain fog,” the brain productivity supplement also keeps your eyes from getting tired of sustained focus. The caffeine-free formula—containing herbal extracts and nutrients—supports your cognitive health.
>>Check the latest prices for Noocube here
3. Hunter Focus – Best Nootropics for Focus
Pros
- Makes you more attentive and focused
- Boosts your mood and memory
- Jumpstarts your creative problem-solving skills
- High doses of effective nootropic ingredients
- Combines herbal extracts with vitamins
Cons
- Requires you to take 6 capsules each day
Formula
- Phosphatidylserine: You need this phospholipid (found in the cerebral cortex) to maintain healthy brain cells [7]
- Ashwagandha: Extracted from a shrub, it may uplift your mood as it lessens the impact of stress [8]
- Lion’s mane mushroom: This nootropic mushroom promotes the growth of brain cells [9]
- Maritime pine bark: This herbal extract may reduce inflammation while supporting your cognitive function as you grow older [10]
- Bacopa monnieri: It makes it easier for you to remember things, as well as alleviates some mental issues [2]
- Citicoline: It helps prevent memory loss in older folks and energizes your brain [11]
- L-tyrosine: When you’re facing challenging situations, it motivates you to maintain your mental performance [4]
- L-theanine: It relaxes your mind, allowing you to concentrate better [3]
Customer Reviews
Many folks believe that Hunter Focus has potential advantages as a nootropic supplement, including some Reddit commenters on r/StackAdvice.
In r/EffectiveNootropics though, another Reddit user didn’t become a huge fan after using this product.
Summary
If you want to improve your concentration, Hunter Focus stands out as one of the best nootropics for focus. This supplement’s natural ingredients may help sharpen your concentration by giving your brain more energy while reducing your stress as well. To support your cognitive health, it promotes brain cell growth and protects you against age-related memory problems.
>>Check the latest prices for Hunter Focus here
4. Addall XR Travel Pack – Best Nootropics for ADHD
Pros
- OTC substitute for the ADHD medication, Adderall
- Delivers sustained energy throughout the day
- Convenient travel pack
- Zero caffeine
- Vegan-friendly formula
Cons
- The single pack is only good for one serving
Formula
- GABA: This neurotransmitter may improve your mood and attention [12]
- 1-amino-2 phenylethane: It stimulates your brain cells to improve cognitive synergy [13]
Customer Reviews
Some people actually prefer Addall XR to Adderall, such as certain Reddit commenters on r/Drugs.
Just be aware that nootropics aren’t a perfect stand-in for ADHD meds—although they can support your brain health—as a Reddit writer on r/nootropicssupplements reminds readers.
Additionally, a Reddit user on r/jacksonville tells others to be cautious when taking vitamin megadoses in supplements, such as Addall XR.
Summary
Looking for a natural alternative to Adderall? Addall XR Travel Pack may just be the best over-the-counter-nootropics for ADHD. It makes it easier for you to pay attention at work or at school. And even though it’s totally free from caffeine, this supplement helps maintain your energy and alertness all day long. The portable pack is easy to bring with you while on the go.
>>Check the latest prices for Addall XR Travel Pack here
5. Mind Lab Pro – Best Nootropics for Anxiety
Pros
- Helps balance mood and support mental health
- Enhances your memory and focus
- No caffeine
- Vegan-friendly, plant-based formula
- The exact dosage is shown for all ingredients
Cons
- Some ingredients may interact with certain prescription meds
Formula
- Bacopa monnieri: This herbal extract may help you deal with anxiety and depression; it could boost your memory as well [2]
- Citicoline: It encourages your brain to create more energy while maintaining your memory as you age [11]
- Phosphatidylserine: It aids in brain cell growth and function [7]
- Lion’s mane mushroom: This mushroom encourages the production of new brain cells [9]
- Rhodiola rosea: It’s a plant that helps one deal with stress and enhances memory [14]
- L-tyrosine: This amino acid supports your cognitive performance in demanding circumstances [4]
- Maritime pine bark extract: A potent antioxidant that may help with blood flow to your brain and fight brain aging [10]
- L-theanine: May help promote relaxation without causing drowsiness and improve your focus [3]
- Vitamins B6, B9, and B12: This vitamin compound promotes brain health—especially through red blood cell production, oxygen flow, and better chemical balance [15]
Customer Reviews
Mind Lab Pro got some pretty good feedback from users. One example is the Reddit reviewer on r/fitfrek who likes that it includes vital nootropics that could boost concentration and focus.
From the other end of the spectrum, another Reddit participant on r/StackAdvice says that the supplement makes him feel very exhausted.
Summary
Mind Lab may be the best nootropic for depression and anxiety since it aims to uplift your mood. Although it’s not a medication for mental disorders, it blends ingredients that calm you down while enhancing your brain performance and help improve memory, focus, alertness, and creativity. Plus, this supplement is free from caffeine that might bring about jitters.
>>Check the latest prices for Mind Lab Pro here
6. FOCL Day – Best Nootropics for Memory
Pros
- Some ingredients help boost memory
- Promotes better focus and energy
- Extracts are made from organic herbs
- Vegan-friendly formula
- You can use it with (or without) food
Cons
- Fewer ingredients than some competitors
Formula
- Bacopa monnieri: An herb with a long history of use in traditional medicine, it may enhance your memory recall [2]
- L-theanine: It promotes relaxation and focus, enhancing your attention during cognitive tasks [3]
- Rhodiola rosea: This herbal extract may sharpen your memory [14]
- Lion’s mane mushroom: It supports brain cell growth and regeneration [9]
- Vitamin B6: B vitamins are known to improve your overall cognitive health [15]
Customer Reviews
Many people think that FOCL Day has impressive advantages as a nootropic, including some Reddit commenters on r/Nootropics.
Nevertheless, not all share the same view, such as a Reddit participant on r/CBD who prefers full spectrum CBD products to supplements by FOCL.
Summary
FOCL Day emerges as one of the best nootropics for memory since it comes with herbal extracts that improve your ability to remember things. Plus, it aims to energize your body and help you to focus better throughout the day. This supplement also optimizes your brain function while equipping you to manage your daily stress more easily.
>>Check the latest prices for FOCL Day here
7. Performance Lab Mind – Best Nootropics for Energy
Pros
- Gives you more mental energy, so you can bounce back from mental exertion
- Enhances your mood, memory, and focus
- Easy 1-capsule–a-day dosage
- Free from caffeine and allergens
- The formula is vegan-friendly
Cons
- Fewer potent ingredients compared to some similar supplements
Formula
- Citicoline: It energizes your brain to enhance neuron activity and also bolsters your memory [11]
- Phosphatidylserine: This healthy fat stimulates your brain cells to regenerate and work better [7]
- L-tyrosine: One of the amino acids that may help boost mental energy by preventing the loss of human brain chemicals (like dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine) [4]
- Maritime pine bark extract: As an antioxidant, it plays a role in delivering nutrients, oxygen, and glucose to your brain [10]
Customer Reviews
There are a lot of consumers who see the good in Performance Lab Mind. To illustrate, one Trustpilot user is glad that it helps maintain her mind’s razor-sharp clarity.
In contrast, there’s a Reddit commenter who shares on r/StackAdvice that, even after taking the supplement, she still feels tired and not-so-focused.
Summary
If you want to invigorate your mental performance, Performance Lab Mind can be considered one of the best nootropics for energy. It encourages your brain to become more active while supporting its cell growth and chemical balance. This supplement also improves your memory, focus, and mood while supplying your body with essential nutrients.
>>Check the latest prices for Performance Lab Mind here
8. Mind Vitality – Best Nootropics for Creativity
Pros
- Equips your brain to think more creatively
- Maintains your focus and energy
- Transparent ingredients list
- Flexible dosage (you can take it before breakfast or lunch)
- Vegan-friendly and gluten-free
Cons
- It might disrupt your sleep if you take it in the evening
Formula
- Rhodiola rosea extract: This herb helps your body adapt to stress and fatigue while promoting better memory [14]
- Lion’s mane mushroom: It may help alleviate symptoms of cognitive decline by triggering brain cell growth [9]
- Ginkgo biloba extract: Traditionally used in Chinese medicine, it enhances blood flow to your brain, supporting cognitive function and memory [16]0
Customer Reviews
Many folks have nice things to say about Mind Vitality. As an example, there’s one Reddit reviewer who relays on r/LifeCapsule that it helps him focus on tasks—plus power through projects—without getting distracted.
Yet, another Reddit user on r/EffectiveNootropics feels that Mind Vitality is on the pricey side, even if he likes the product anyway.
Summary
Mind Vitality may be one of the best nootropics for creativity, as it gives you more brain power to think out of the box. Thanks to a combination of herbal extracts and vitamins, this supplement provides you with more mental energy throughout the day, so you can beat that mid-afternoon slump. This way, you can focus better and be more creative in approaching your tasks.
>>Check the latest prices for Mind Vitality here
9. Neuro Gum – Best Nootropic Chewing Gum
Pros
- Portable and convenient for on-the-go use
- Gives a quick cognitive boost without the need for water or swallowing pills
- Contains clinically-backed ingredients for enhanced mental performance
- Refreshing taste and texture
Cons
- Might be too stimulating for folks easily affected by caffeine
Ingredients
- Caffeine: A well-known stimulant, caffeine is included in Neuro Gum to provide a rapid energy boost while enhancing alertness and concentration [17]
- L-theanine: Paired with caffeine, l-theanine promotes a state of calm focus, reducing the jittery effects caused by caffeine [18]
- Vitamin B6 & B12: B vitamins help support your overall cognitive health [15]
Customer Reviews
A fair number of folks like Neuro Gum—such as the Reddit participants on r/Biohackers who say that this nootropic gum gives them a good boost of energy while on-the-go.
Not everyone appreciates it though, like the Reddit user from r/Nootropics who thinks it’s gimmicky and overpriced.
Summary
Neuro Gum clinches the title of the best nootropic chewing gum if you need on-the-go mental sharpness without the hassle of pills or beverages. It’s a refreshing alternative to traditional supplements. The blend of caffeine, l-theanine, and essential vitamins boosts your energy and attention.
>>Check the latest prices for Neuro Gum here
10. Brain Pill – Best Nootropics for Brain Fog
Pros
- Gets rid of brain fog, so you can think more clearly
- Fights mental tiredness by providing more energy
- Protects your memory while letting you focus more
- Natural ingredients and vitamins
- Zero caffeine
Cons
- It could take 1 to 3 months to see results
Formula
- Citicoline: It safeguards you from cognitive decline while enhancing neuron activity [11]
- Bacopa monnieri: This Indian herb can boost your memory and relieve anxiety [2]
- Huperzine A: As a Chinese club moss, it may help prevent memory loss [19]
Customer Reviews
While it’s challenging to find user reviews of Brain Pill online, a Trustpilot reviewer commends Leading Edge Health—the company behind the supplement—as a good company that makes good products and provides good support.
There’s another Trustpilot user, though, who isn’t thrilled with the slow customer service, as it prevented her from taking advantage of the guarantee.
Summary
Brain Pill might be one of the best nootropics for brain fog if you want to clear those mental “cobwebs.” By keeping cognitive decline and memory problems at bay, this supplement makes it possible to maintain your brain health. The formula—combining herbal extracts and nutrients—can also motivate you to concentrate better while being more mentally alert.
>>Check the latest prices for Brain Pill here
11. BetterBrand BetterMushrooms – Best Gummy Nootropics
Pros
- Easy-to-pop, delicious gummy form
- Increases your focus and energy
- Improves your gut health and immunity
- Blends together several types of mushrooms
- Vegans and vegetarians can use it
Cons
- Comes with added sugars
Formula
- Lion’s mane mushroom: This ancient medicinal mushroom can help your brain cells regenerate [9]
- Reishi mushroom: It may help make your immune system stronger [20]
- Cordyceps: Another kind of mushroom, and it levels up your learning abilities and memory recall [21]
Customer Reviews
More and more people are growing interested in the potential of BetterBrand as a mushroom nootropic they can use daily, including certain Reddit commenters on r/MushroomSupplements.
Others aren’t that keen on it, however, like one of the Reddit participants on r/MushroomSupplements who thinks it’s “just candy.”
Summary
Having a hard time swallowing pills? BetterMushrooms by BetterBrand showcases a chewable twist. As one of the best nootropics in gummy form, it combines different mushrooms that can give you cognitive and overall health benefits. Aside from energizing you and improving your concentration, this supplement also supports your digestion and bolsters your immunity.
>>Check the latest prices for BetterBrand BetterMushrooms here
12. Earth & Star Mushroom Gummies – Best Nootropics for Studying
Pros
- Helps improve memory to make studying easier
- Fights stress and helps one relax
- Enhances your focus
- Chewable gummy form
- Vegan-friendly formula
Cons
- Only comes with two ingredients
Formula
- Lion’s mane mushroom: Supports brain cell production and cognitive function [9]
- L-theanine: Calms you down when facing stress [3]
Customer Reviews
While there are barely any reviews of Earth & Star Mushroom Gummies on Reddit or Trustpilot, there’s a lot of great feedback on Amazon, along with a light sprinkling of not-so-glowing reviews.
Summary
Earth & Star Mushroom Gummies is probably one of the best nootropics for studying; it assists you in memorizing things as you do deep research work. Aside from de-stressing you by promoting relaxation, it also enables you to concentrate even better. This handy supplement is also a great choice if you prefer gummies to capsules.
>>Check the latest prices for Earth & Star Mushroom Gummies here
What Are Nootropics?
A nootropic is a dietary supplement or a prescription drug meant to improve your cognitive function.
For example, the best nootropics can protect your brain from cognitive decline, support your memory and learning skills, and give you more focus and mental energy so you can multitask.
Do Nootropics Work?
Yes. Many of the best natural nootropics have ingredients that are scientifically supported to improve brain function; they can increase blood circulation to your brain while also boosting the oxygen, nutrients, and energy supply [22].
While nootropic ingredients are included in supplements, you can also find them in everyday food and drinks (such as caffeine).
However, the level of cognitive enhancement you’ll experience can vary based on different factors, such as the quality of the ingredients, the dosage, whether the supplement aligns with your goals, and how your body reacts to the formula.
Are Nootropics Bad for Your Brain?
In most cases, nootropics are helpful when it comes to brain function. There’s a low risk of side effects, given that most of the best nootropics supplements are made from natural ingredients.
That being said, there are hardly any clinical trials reviewing the effects of taking nootropics over a longer period.
If you have a history of mental health issues or other disorders, it’s a good idea to ask for medical advice before you begin taking any supplements, including nootropics.
Talk to your doctor as well if you’re a minor, a pregnant or breastfeeding mom, or if you have serious health problems (especially if you’re taking prescription meds).
Side Effects of Nootropics and Smart Drugs
The list of potential side effects from nootropics is relatively short but worth noting. It includes:
- Headaches
- Nausea
- Dizziness
- Heart palpitations
However, as each supplement contains different ingredients, you might find other contraindications—especially if you have low blood pressure or an autoimmune disease. That’s why you should consult your doctor first before using any new nootropics.
Natural vs. Synthetic Nootropics
Nootropics and smart drugs are compounds made from natural or synthetic substances (or a mixture of both). Clinical trials for synthetic products used as prescription drugs and studies into the efficacy of natural nootropics have been conducted. Both have been shown to improve cognitive functions.
FAQs About the Best Nootropics
Below, you’ll find answers to some popular questions about nootropics.
Do Any Nootropics Actually Work?
Yes. Thesis and the rest of the best natural nootropics we reviewed have the potential to work to enhance your mental performance; after all, these supplements contain ingredients backed by clinical research to support your brain health in different ways.
What Is the Most Highly Rated Nootropic?
Are you wondering what the highest-rated brain supplement is? Thesis earns the #1 spot on our list, but different people might have their own favorites. If you’re looking for the best nootropics, Reddit and Amazon reviews by real users can give you insights on which products get a lot of positive feedback from customers.
What Nootropics Work Right Away?
Most nootropics can give you a quick boost of mental energy as soon as you take them. You might need to take some supplements for a few weeks or months, however, for you to fully enjoy all its cognitive benefits.
How Much Do Nootropics Cost?
Nootropics tend to be slightly pricier supplements. The exact amount you must shell out will depend on the ingredients and the dosage; some companies even give you a discount if you buy in bulk. The average cost of nootropics is around $50 per bottle.
What Is the Best Nootropics Stack?
With the supplements on this list, you don’t need to create your own nootropic stack. Although they’re targeted at specific areas, most of the nootropic supplements in this review combine several ingredients that work together to improve brain function in more ways than one.
Are There Any Good Nootropics?
The short answer is yes. Many smart drugs are clinically-backed and potentially effective as a brain supplement. They aren’t just a quick fix to boost your cognitive abilities; the supplements listed here aim to heighten your mental performance. Some include vitamins or other ingredients that protect your brain and aim to slow down cognitive aging.
Final Thoughts on Best Nootropics
The best nootropics supplements can improve your cognitive function using natural ingredients. While Thesis is our top pick, all the nootropics in our roundup can amp up your brain health when combined with a healthy lifestyle.
Whether you need protection against cognitive decline or need help improving your memory recall, clarity, and focus—it’s up to you to pick the right nootropic for you.
References:
- Marcus, Lena, et al. “Evaluation of the Effects of Two Doses of Alpha Glycerylphosphorylcholine on Physical and Psychomotor Performance.” Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, BioMed Central, 5 Oct. 2017, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5629791/.
- Calabrese, Carlo, et al. “Effects of a Standardized Bacopa Monnieri Extract on Cognitive Performance, Anxiety, and Depression in the Elderly: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial.” Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine (New York, N.Y.), Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., July 2008, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3153866/.
- Hidese, S., Ogawa, S., Ota, M., Ishida, I., Yasukawa, Z., Ozeki, M., & Kunugi, H. (2019). Effects of L-Theanine Administration on Stress-Related Symptoms and Cognitive Functions in Healthy Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients, 11(10), 2362. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11102362
- Jongkees, B. J., Hommel, B., Kühn, S., & Colzato, L. S. (2015). Effect of tyrosine supplementation on clinical and healthy populations under stress or cognitive demands—A review. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 70, 50–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.08.014
- Kennedy, D. O., Bonnländer, B., Lang, S. C., Pischel, I., Forster, J., Khan, J., Jackson, P. A., & Wightman, E. L. (2020). Acute and Chronic Effects of Green Oat (Avena sativa) Extract on Cognitive Function and Mood during a Laboratory Stressor in Healthy Adults: A Randomised, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study in Healthy Humans. Nutrients, 12(6), 1598. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12061598
- C. Azevedo, B., Roxo, M., C. Borges, M., Peixoto, H., Crevelin, E. J., W. Bertoni, B., H. T. Contini, S., Lopes, A. A., C. França, S., S. Pereira, A. M., & Wink, M. (2019). Antioxidant Activity of an Aqueous Leaf Extract from Uncaria tomentosa and Its Major Alkaloids Mitraphylline and Isomitraphylline in Caenorhabditis elegans. Molecules, 24(18), 3299. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24183299
- Glade, M. J., & Smith, K. (2015). Phosphatidylserine and the human brain. Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.), 31(6), 781–786. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2014.10.014
- Office of Dietary Supplements – Ashwagandha: Is It Helpful for stress, anxiety, or sleep? (2023, October 24). Ods.od.nih.gov.
- Kushairi, Naufal, et al. “Lion’s Mane Mushroom, Hericium Erinaceus (Bull.: Fr.) Pers. Suppresses H2O2-Induced Oxidative Damage and LPS-Induced Inflammation in HT22 Hippocampal Neurons and BV2 Microglia.” Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland), vol. 8, no. 8, 2019, p. 261, doi:10.3390/antiox8080261.
- Simpson, T., Kure, C., & Stough, C. (2019). Assessing the Efficacy and Mechanisms of Pycnogenol® on Cognitive Aging From In Vitro Animal and Human Studies. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2019.00694
- Silveri, M. M., Dikan, J., Ross, A. J., Jensen, J. E., Kamiya, T., Kawada, Y., Renshaw, P. F., & Yurgelun-Todd, D. A. (2008). Citicoline enhances frontal lobe bioenergetics as measured by phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy. NMR in Biomedicine, 21(10), 1066–1075. https://doi.org/10.1002/nbm.1281
- tınok, A. A., Karabay, A., de Jong, J., Balta, G., & Akyürek, E. G. (2023). Effects of gamma-aminobutyric acid on working memory and attention: A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover trial. Journal of Psychopharmacology (Oxford, England), 37(6), 554–565. https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811231161579
- PubChem. (n.d.). Phenethylamine. Pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved June 10, 2024, from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Phenethylamine#section=Metabolism-Metabolites
- Ma, Gou-Ping, et al. “Rhodiola Rosea L. Improves Learning and Memory Function: Preclinical Evidence and Possible Mechanisms.” Frontiers in Pharmacology, vol. 9, 2018, p. 1415, doi:10.3389/fphar.2018.01415.
- Bloemendaal, M., Froböse, M. I., Wegman, J., Zandbelt, B. B., van de Rest, O., Cools, R., & Aarts, E. (2018). Neuro-Cognitive Effects of Acute Tyrosine Administration on Reactive and Proactive Response Inhibition in Healthy Older Adults. Eneuro, 5(2), ENEURO.0035-17.2018. https://doi.org/10.1523/eneuro.0035-17.2018
- Mashayekh, A., Pham, D. L., Yousem, D. M., Dizon, M., Barker, P. B., & Lin, D. D. M. (2010). Effects of Ginkgo biloba on cerebral blood flow assessed by quantitative MR perfusion imaging: a pilot study. Neuroradiology, 53(3), 185–191. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00234-010-0790-6
- Marriott, B. M. (2014). Effects of Caffeine on Cognitive Performance, Mood, and Alertness in Sleep-Deprived Humans. Nih.gov; National Academies Press (US). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK209050/
- Dodd, F. L., Kennedy, D. O., Riby, L. M., & Haskell-Ramsay, C. F. (2015). A double-blind, placebo-controlled study evaluating the effects of caffeine and L-theanine both alone and in combination on cerebral blood flow, cognition and mood. Psychopharmacology, 232(14), 2563–2576. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-015-3895-0
- Qian, Z. M., & Ke, Y. (2014). Huperzine A: Is it an Effective Disease-Modifying Drug for Alzheimer’s Disease? Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2014.00216
- Henao, S. L. D., Urrego, S. A., Cano, A. M., & Higuita, E. A. (2018). Randomized Clinical Trial for the Evaluation of Immune Modulation by Yogurt Enriched with β-Glucans from Lingzhi or Reishi Medicinal Mushroom, Ganoderma lucidum (Agaricomycetes), in Children from Medellin, Colombia. International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms, 20(8), 705–716. https://doi.org/10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2018026986
- Yuan, G., An, L., Sun, Y., Xu, G., & Du, P. (2018). Improvement of Learning and Memory Induced by Cordyceps Polypeptide Treatment and the Underlying Mechanism. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2018, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/9419264
- Suliman, Noor Azuin, et al. “Establishing Natural Nootropics: Recent Molecular Enhancement Influenced by Natural Nootropic.” Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : ECAM, Hindawi Publishing Corporation, 2016,